The tuning approach in the tuning project the decision was taken to make a distinction between generic competences transferable skills and subjectrelated ones, although it is accepted that key. Teaching english writing, the process approach, the product approach, incorporation of. The writing process as with most teaching and learning techniques, it is important to stress consistency in the writing process. Indeed, if the goal of a lesson is to familiarize students with the conventionalized discourse patterns of a text, the activities associated with the product approach listed above, such as writing from an outline and identification of topic and support may not be out of place in a genrebased classroom. Activities for teaching writing aljahra elt supervision. There is an approach in teaching writing which can be used by teacher to improve. In the last ten years, we have seen the growing importance of genre approaches in the eflesl classrooms.
Two of the most commonly used approaches to teaching writing are the product approach and the process approach. Whereas the product approach focuses on writing tasks in which the learner imitates, copies and transforms teacher supplied models, the process approach focuses on the steps involved in creating a piece of work9. Product approach a product approach is a traditional approach in which students are encouraged to mimic a model text, usually is presented and analyzed at an early stage gabrielatos, 2002. We will then look at activities to use for each approach. Processgenre approach, product approach, and students. The papers dealt individually with different aspects of academic writing and its teaching. They are also called teaching models with minimal control and maximal control. Pdf comparative analysis of process versus product. In response to the curriculum approach advocated by tyler, often called the product approach, came what is known as the process approach. Process approach in writing the process approach in writing teaching process approach recursive writing process technical writing process editing step of the writing process the process writing teaching appproach technical writing process and product technical writing process kieran sales comparison approach the adjustment process the creative arts. It is about the process approach to writing, its theoretical underpinnings, etc. This leads into a discussion of curriculum models in which product and process models are set out and discussed. There is enhanced importance in the end product and this affects the way a product writing lesson is staged.
The product vs process approach to writing duration. Two classroom teaching models by using process approach. Teaching english writing has been a tough job for many nonnative. Writing is a process to be experienced and, whenever possible, shared. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Writing as a theme was designed to counteract the perception that it was the cinderella of eap, and the conference aimed to enable practitioners to benefit from recent research in the teaching of writing from outside elt as well as within the field. The effect of the process writing approach on writing. The teaching and learning cycle allows eald students the time and opportunities for multiple exposures to new language, content and skills over time. Approaches such as the genre approach using the teaching and learning cycle, or the more processoriented approach of the writing workshop, incorporate teaching about the writing process as students compose texts. Comparing the process approach with the product approach in teaching academic writing to firstyear undergraduates. This is a traditional approach, in which students are encouraged to mimic a model text, which is usually presented and analysed at an early stage. A comparison of the product and process approaches to. Combining product and processbased approaches to teaching writing discussion texts practiced since it is an essential feature of language learning because of presenting a very good means of foxing vocabulary, spelling, and sentence pattern.
Balanced writing instruction that focuses on both process and product teaching writing. As the present study is about the teaching of writing, it would be apt here to describe the major theoretical frameworks available to the teaching of writing. Using the combined approach of product writing and process. Pdf comparing the process approach with the product approach.
Further reading a product approach this is a traditional approach, in which students are encouraged to mimic a model text, which is usually presented and analysed at an early stage. Process approach to teaching writing applied in different. Establishing a structured approach that is used for every assigned paper is one way to. The process approach a processoriented approach to teaching writing is an idea that began to flourish 30 years ago, as a result of extensive research on firstlanguage writing reyes, cited in montague, 1995. Having investigated the background relevant to the task, it will consider the pieces of writing shown in appendices 14 in turn, discuss the individual problems each writer has and examine how the process approach would help them improve. A process approach to writing contrasts with a product approach, where the main idea is to reproduce a model text. Defining writing ability for classroom writing assessment in high schools g 57 grammar, syntax and mechanics. Writing is taught rather than learned through experience.
The development of the basic approaches to teaching writing. One of these ways is the product approach which is a traditional approach to teaching writing in which students are encouraged to mimic a model text, which is usually presented and analysed at an early stage some of the benefist and characteristics of this approach is that. According to gholami pasand and bazarmaj haghis 20, the employment of model texts in a processproduct approach to teaching writing. Because the freirean approach goes by a number of different names and freires ideas have had such an impact on adult education internationally, there are many literacy educators in the united states who have incorporated elements of the approach into their teaching without realizing that they have been influenced by paulo freire. However, process approaches do not repudiate all interest in the product, i. This approach is most associated with the work of lawrence stenhouse 1974, who advocated principles for selecting content, developing teaching. A simple and predictable learning environment where writing is a process and students can become independent writers. In the next section, we describe the stages of a product writing lesson. Additionally, a sample outline for a descriptive writing activity is provided, as well as suggestions for writing assessment. Pdf processgenre approach, product approach, and students. Discussion of the results at first sight, it might seem from the tables provided above that the product approach to writing is slightly better for the teaching of writing skills. In the first session students wrote in the process approach, and in the second one they were given a model text to continue in the processproduct approach. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website.
What differentiates a processfocussed approach from a productcentred one is that the outcome of the writing, the product, is not preconceived. Potential advantages of process writing for students. Defining writing ability for classroom writing assessment. One of these ways is the product approach which is a traditional approach to teaching writing in which students are encouraged to mimic a model text, which is. It begins by providing examples of greek students writing and identifying common programs.
That is, this approach focuses on linguistic knowledge with the appropriate use of vocabulary, syntax and cohesive devices. This is indicated not only by the total scores of individual criteria but also by the total score of individual students. This is a presentation i prepared for our class in the teaching of composition. At least three major approaches can be identified and these are. In process writing, students have the chance to think about what they are going to write, produce drafts, revise, edit, and give and receive feedback on their work before coming up with the final version of the text. Approaches to the teaching of writing skills sciencedirect. There has been a shift from the traditional productoriented approaches to a processoriented approach. Authentic classroom artifacts, minilessons, and daytoday teaching strategies are integrated.
The process approach of the early 1980s brought up new concepts and principles in the field of teaching writing. One of these ways is the product approach which is a traditional approach to teaching writing in which students are encouraged to mimic a model text, which is usually presented and analysed at an early stage. Using the teaching and learning cycle with eald learners. According to gabrielatos 2000, a product approach is a traditional approach, in which students are encouraged to mimic a model text, which is usually presented and analyzed at an early stage. A blank sheet of paper can often pull students down into.
The effectiveness of process writing approach in developing efl writing performance of esp college repeat their ideas, report few if any valid points, make serious mistakes in grammar and punctuation, and include irrelevant information salem, 2007. The process writing approach involves activities occurring during. Process and product this volume, published in 1988, consists of papers from the eponymous. Teaching about the writing process is not the domain of any one particular approach to the teaching of writing. Information about the openaccess article processgenre approach, product approach, and students selfesteem in teaching writing in doaj. The teaching of writing has undergone a dramatic change in recent times. There are many processes for different situations, subjects, audiences, authors. An ascd action tool makes writing in the classroom manageable for both the teacher and the students. The process oriented approach to teaching writing to. Writing studies are carried out as a part of the process before the written text is completed. Since the context of this current study is teaching writing in an efl context, the. This approach focuses on the student in writing lessons, and the teacher only acts as a guide. When we write, we are producing language harmer, 2007a. Esl teachers now have many approaches to the teaching of writing to choose from.
The writing performance of the students in these two sessions was compared in term of accuracy. Four critical components of an effective writingprocess approach to teaching written expression. A successful start for prek4 readers and writers, 4th ed. Curriculum development judith howard department of. Balancing process and product offers a comprehensive vision of the strategies that writers use, the writing genres, and the writers craft, along with techniques for improving the quality of students writing. Based on the criticism on product approach to teaching writing skill in.
The process oriented approach to teaching writing in the classroom is an idea that began three decades ago as the result of extensive research on literacy acquisition for majority language learners. Product writing is an approach to teaching writing that focuses on students final production, that is, the text they are asked to produce. Process vs product approach khairul amar zainal abidin. A comparison of the product and process approaches to teaching writing and how best to combine the two at different levels. Silva 1990, the main emphasis here is on the quality rather than the quantity and fluency of writing. The process oriented approach to teaching writing to second language learners nicole montague abstract.
With this understanding of the process approach to writing, the author focuses on a discussion about the two classroom teaching. Whereas the product approach focuses on writing tasks in which the learner imitates, copies and transforms teacher supplied models, the process approach. The authors conducted metaanalysis of 29 experimental and quasiexperimental studies conducted with students in grades 112 to examine if process writing instruction improves the quality of students writing and motivation to write. Furthermore, among many commonused approaches to teach writing, there are two approaches which are commonly used by teachers. There are several ways to approach writing in the classroom. In this course we will define both approaches and discuss the advantages of each. Comparative analysis of process versus product approach of. The steps involved in using a process writing approach to developing l2 writing ability, however, were the same for both study groups, and all the. Two teaching models are proposed, namely, the full open process teaching of writing, and close process teaching of writing.